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Proxmox Storage Configuration for Beginners with ZFS/Ceph

Proxmox Virtual Environment (PVE) is a powerful open-source virtualization platform that supports both KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine) and LXC (Linux Containers). One of its key strengths lies in its flexible storage model, allowing users to integrate different storage technologies seamlessly. In this guide, we’ll walk you through the basics of Proxmox storage configuration to get you started. Proxmox Storage Types Proxmox supports various storage backends, including: Local Storage Uses the server’s physical disks. Ideal for small setups and test environments. Directory: Stores virtual disks as files on a mounted filesystem. LVM (Logical Volume Manager): Provides block-level storage. ZFS Storage Provides advanced file system capabilities with integrated volume management, snapshots, and data integrity checks. Ideal for high-performance and fault-tolerant systems. Network Storage Uses external storage devices accessible over the network. Suitable for clustering and large-scale environments. NFS (Network File System) CIFS/SMB (Common Internet File System) iSCSI (Internet Small Computer Systems Interface) Ceph: Distributed storage for high availability.   PROXMOX Proxmox delivers powerful, enterprise-grade solutions with full access to all functionality for everyone – highly reliable and secure.The software-defined and open platforms are easy to deploy, manage and budget for. Going as by do known noise he wrote round leave. Her extensive perceived may any meaning sincerity extremity. Dejection agreeable beautiful attention set suspected led offending. Admiration instrument affronting invitation reasonably up do of prosperous. Proxmox Storage Configuration for Beginners Proxmox Virtual Environment (PVE) is a powerful open-source virtualization platform that supports both KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine) and LXC (Linux Containers). One of its key strengths lies in its flexible storage model, allowing users to integrate different storage technologies seamlessly. In this guide, we’ll walk you through the basics of Proxmox storage configuration to get you started. Understanding Proxmox Storage Types Proxmox supports various storage backends, including: Local Storage: Uses the server’s physical disks. Ideal for small setups and test environments. Directory: Stores virtual disks as files on a mounted filesystem. LVM (Logical Volume Manager): Provides block-level storage. Network Storage: Uses external storage devices accessible over the network. Suitable for clustering and large-scale environments. NFS (Network File System) CIFS/SMB (Common Internet File System) iSCSI (Internet Small Computer Systems Interface) Ceph: Distributed storage for high availability. ZFS Storage: Provides advanced file system capabilities with integrated volume management, snapshots, and data integrity checks. Ideal for high-performance and fault-tolerant systems. Setting Up Storage in Proxmox 1. Adding Local Storage Access the Proxmox web interface (https://your-proxmox-ip:8006). Navigate to Datacenter > Storage. Click Add and select Directory. Provide a unique ID and the Directory Path (e.g., /mnt/data). Choose content types (e.g., Disk image, Container, ISO image). Click Add to save your changes. 2. Configuring NFS Storage Ensure the NFS server is accessible and permissions are configured. In the Proxmox web interface, go to Datacenter > Storage. Click Add and select NFS. Enter a unique ID and the Server IP address. Click Export to list available NFS shares. Choose a share and specify content types. Click Add to integrate the NFS storage. 3. Setting Up LVM Storage Ensure the target disk is unformatted. Go to Node > Disks > LVM. Click Create: Volume Group. Provide a name and select the desired disk. Confirm by clicking Create. 4. Configuring ZFS Storage Ensure the target disk is available and unformatted. Go to Node > Disks > ZFS. Click Create: ZFS Pool. Enter a Pool Name and select the available disks. Choose a RAID level (e.g., RAID-Z for redundancy). Confirm by clicking Create. Best Practices for Proxmox Storage Backup Regularly Use Proxmox Backup Server (PBS) or scheduled snapshots. Separate Storage Types Avoid mixing virtual machines (VMs) and container data on the same storage. Monitor Usage Regularly check storage utilization through the web interface. Use ZFS for Critical Data Leverage ZFS for enhanced data integrity and redundancy. Troubleshooting Common Issues Storage Not Showing Slow Performance Space Issues Verify mount points and permissions. Check disk health and network speed for NFS/iSCSI. Use pvesm status to monitor storage usage and identify problems. Check the ZFS status with zpool status to identify potential issues. Conclusion Proxmox provides robust and flexible storage options for various environments. Whether you’re starting with local disks or expanding to networked solutions like NFS, Ceph, or ZFS, proper configuration ensures smooth virtualization operations. Keep your system updated and monitor your storage to maintain optimal performance. Need Proxmox help? Contact SAPL for expert guides and insights. Simplify your data center Try it for Free!

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Indispensable for PC builders, and my go-to tool.

Exactly! It’s like discovering a hidden gem that’s been right under your nose the whole time. Imagine all the time, effort, and money you could’ve saved on USB drives — it’s wild, right? What’s the tool you’re hyped about? Ah, Ventoy—an absolute game-changer for sure! I totally get that rooftop shout vibe. It’s one of those “where have you been all my life” tools, right? Just drag and drop ISO files onto your USB, and boom — no more tedious flashing every time you need a new bootable installer. What was your first “wow” moment with it? Windows, Linux, or maybe something more niche? What is ventoy? for bootable installs. The sheer convenience of carrying one USB stick loaded with multiple OS options is such a lifesaver, especially if you’re constantly tinkering or troubleshooting different systems. No more repetitive formatting and flashing through tools like Rufus or Etcher—just drag, drop, and boot. Have you tried using it for more niche ISOs like rescue environments or hypervisors yet? That’s the beauty of it—simple, powerful, and totally free! Open-source tools like Ventoy are such a gift to the tech community. The fact that it transforms something traditionally tedious into a drag-and-drop process is just mind-blowing. Have you encountered any quirky or unexpected use cases for it beyond just OS installations? Rescue environments or diagnostic ISOs maybe? Using Ventoy to install different operating systems is incredibly simple. Here’s a step-by-step guide to get you started: Step 1: Download and Install Ventoy Go to the Ventoy website and download the latest version for your operating system (Windows, Linux, etc.). Extract the downloaded ZIP file. Run Ventoy2Disk.exe (on Windows) or the appropriate script for Linux. Select your USB drive and click Install (⚠️ Be careful — this will format your USB drive). Step 2: Prepare Your USB Drive Once Ventoy is installed on the USB: Open the USB drive in your file explorer. Drag and drop ISO files onto the drive as you would with any file (Windows, Ubuntu, Proxmox, etc.). That’s it! No need for formatting or conversion. Step 3: Boot from Ventoy Insert the Ventoy USB drive into the target PC. Access the boot menu (usually by pressing keys like F12, Esc, or F2 during startup). Select the USB drive. Ventoy’s boot menu will appear, listing all your ISO files. Select the desired OS, and it will boot directly. Absolutely! It’s wild how such a simple tool can make such a massive difference. Gone are the days of juggling a pile of USB sticks labeled “Windows,” “Ubuntu,” or “Rescue Disk.” Now it’s just one trusty drive with everything on it. Ventoy really does feel like a “why didn’t I know this sooner” discovery. Have you shared this gem with fellow tech enthusiasts yet? They might just owe you a coffee for the tip! ☕ Tips: Add Multiple ISOs: Keep dropping more ISO files as needed — no extra configuration required. Compatibility: Ventoy supports UEFI and Legacy BIOS modes. Persistent Storage: For some Linux distros, Ventoy supports persistence, letting you save changes. Enjoy the magic of streamlined OS installations! 😊  

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Bandwidth vs Throughput. Keys to Network Efficiency

What Is Bandwidth? Bandwidth refers to the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted across a network from a source to a destination within a specified period. It represents the network’s potential capacity for data transfer, typically measured in bits per second (bps). Common units of measurement include kilobits per second (kbps), megabits per second (Mbps), and gigabits per second (Gbps). To visualize bandwidth, think of it as the width of a water pipe: a wider pipe allows more water to flow through simultaneously, just as higher bandwidth enables a network to transport more data at once. Bandwidth reflects the theoretical data transfer limit of a network under optimal conditions. Importance of Bandwidth Bandwidth is a critical factor in determining internet speed and download times. Since it is a limited resource, managing it efficiently is essential. Different devices and applications consume varying amounts of bandwidth, and insufficient bandwidth can lead to network congestion and slow performance. Key Benefits of High Bandwidth Enhanced Online Experiences: High bandwidth allows for faster data transfer, essential for smooth streaming, quick downloads, and responsive web browsing, leading to improved user satisfaction. Multidevice Connectivity: Adequate bandwidth supports multiple devices operating simultaneously on the same network without compromising speed or performance, which is crucial for homes and workplaces. Smooth Video Conferencing: Stable and high-quality video and audio during online meetings depend on sufficient bandwidth, enabling effective remote communication and collaboration. Support for Modern Applications: Emerging technologies such as cloud computing, virtual reality, and IoT require significant bandwidth to function optimally. High bandwidth ensures these applications run seamlessly. Reduced Latency and Congestion: Sufficient bandwidth helps minimize delays and prevents network congestion, ensuring consistent and reliable connectivity even during peak usage periods. Factors Influencing Network Performance The performance of a network depends on several devices and components, including: Network Switches: Devices that efficiently manage data transmission within a network. Routers: Direct data packets between networks. Wireless Access Points: Enable devices to connect to the network wirelessly. Firewalls: Provide security and manage data flow to ensure safe communication. Key Factors Influencing Network Bandwidth and Throughput Key Factors Influencing Network Bandwidth Here are some essential elements that affect bandwidth: Network Infrastructure The network infrastructure, including the types of cables and devices used, significantly influences bandwidth. Fiber optic cables generally offer higher bandwidth compared to copper wires. Additionally, the quality and capability of networking equipment such as routers, switches, and modems can either enhance or limit potential bandwidth. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) ISPs play a crucial role in determining bandwidth by setting limits and offering various service plans. Different packages provide varying levels of maximum bandwidth, with higher-tier plans typically offering faster speeds and more reliable connections. Network management practices like throttling can also affect the user’s bandwidth experience. Network Traffic and Load The amount and type of data being transmitted over the network can impact available bandwidth. Heavy traffic, especially during peak usage times, can cause congestion and slow down data transfer rates. Applications that require high data rates, such as streaming and large downloads, can consume significant bandwidth, impacting other activities. Network Topology and Design The design and structure of a network, including its topology, influence how bandwidth is distributed and utilized. A well-planned network design minimizes potential bottlenecks and optimizes performance. Conversely, complex or poorly configured network structures can lead to inefficient bandwidth usage and degraded performance. Physical and Environmental Conditions Physical distances between devices and infrastructure can impact bandwidth, particularly in networks spanning large geographic areas. Environmental factors such as electromagnetic interference and physical obstructions can degrade signal quality, especially in wireless networks, thus affecting bandwidth availability. User Behavior and Application Demands User activities and the applications they use significantly affect bandwidth. High-demand applications such as video conferencing, online gaming, and cloud services require substantial bandwidth for optimal performance. Additionally, user settings and network practices, such as inefficient Wi-Fi configurations, can influence how effectively bandwidth is utilized. What Is Throughput? Throughput measures the amount of data that successfully travels across a network from a source to a destination within a specified timeframe. It specifically indicates the rate at which data packets or messages arrive at their intended recipient, typically measured in bits per second (bps) or data packets per second (pps). Assessing throughput is essential for evaluating, troubleshooting, and enhancing network performance, as it can help identify the underlying causes of slow or poor connections. When users make requests, such as visiting a website, using an application, making a phone call, or downloading files, they expect prompt and high-quality responses. High throughput signifies that a network is efficiently transmitting a large volume of data per second, thereby fulfilling user requests quickly and contributing to overall performance. Why Throughput Matters High throughput offers numerous advantages to networks: Enhanced Productivity: High-performance switches like the FS S5810-48TS significantly boost productivity by increasing the amount of work completed in a given time. This leads to efficient operations, better resource utilization, and minimized bottlenecks, resulting in higher output and profitability. Cost Reduction: Improving throughput reduces costs by enhancing process efficiency. It enables economies of scale, lowers operational expenses, and optimizes labor, contributing directly to savings and improved profit margins. Competitive Advantage: Higher throughput allows businesses to deliver products and services faster, giving them a competitive edge. This responsiveness helps meet customer demands and adapt to market changes, attracting more clients. Scalability and Growth: High throughput is vital for scalability as businesses expand. It ensures processes can handle increased volumes without compromising quality, supporting long-term growth and market entry. Key Factors Influencing Throughput Here are some elements that affect throughput: Bandwidth Capacity Higher bandwidth allows more data to flow at a given time, directly affecting throughput. Networks with greater bandwidth capacity can handle larger volumes of traffic more efficiently, thus improving overall throughput. Network Latency Latency is the delay in data transmission within a network. High latency can significantly reduce throughput as it slows down the rate at which data packets are delivered. Minimizing latency through optimized routing and faster transmission technologies …

Cisco 9100AX conversion for surveying

This post covers the process of converting and configuring a Cisco 9100AX access point for surveying. This assumes the AP was shipped with a CAPWAP image loaded. What you’ll need: Cisco 9100 Access Point Power source such as a PoE+ OR PoE Adapter USB to Serial Adapter and Console Cable Cisco account to download software About 30 minutes Process Overview Unbox and power on AP Connect your laptop to the second port on your PoE injector Download the software IP config and start up tftp server Configure the AP with an IP address and issue upgrade command Configure EWC Join the AP to the controller Configure the AP for surveying Ready for survey! Step 1 – Unbox and power on your AP Connect your AP to your PoE injector via the mGig port to power on the access point. It is best practice to reset your AP before continuing. This is completed by holding down the reset button while powering on the AP and holding down for >20 seconds after your console session mentions that the reset button is pressed. Step 2 – Connect your laptop to the second port on your PoE injector PoE Injector Connections Connect your computer to the “DATA IN” port to make a direct connection to the AP. Step 3 – Download the software Navigate to software.cisco.com, select Wireless > Access Points > (Your model) then select IOS XE Software Select your software to download. I chose the Gibralter release 16.12.2s release (after trying to use the 16.12.3 release and running into a whole slew of issues with the AP not joining the controller). Step 4 – IP config and start up tftp server Configure your network adapter for an address in the same “network” as your AP. In this example I use tftpd64. Point you the directory to where you unzipped the software downloaded in step 3. Select the appropriate interface that is connected to your injector. Step 5 – Configure your AP with an IP address and issue upgrade command Assign your CAPWAP AP an IP Address Log in to your AP using “Cisco” as the username and password.Configure your AP with an IP address using the following command:AP#capwap ap ip adress 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1Format – capwap ap ip address (IP) (Mask) (Gateway) AP Model and Image File Names Use the table above to determine the name of the AP image to copy.Issue the upgrade command with the image names for both the AP and the EWC.AP#ap-type ewc-ap tftp://192.168.1.5/ap1g7 tftp://192.168.1.5/C9800-AP-iosxe-wlc.binFormat – ap-type ewc-ap (AP image file path) (EWC image file path)Note – If your AP is running an older code version, you will use “ap-type mobility-express” instead. Issue the Upgrade Command You should now see the download progress on both ends. The AP will download both files. tftpd64 Progress AP Image Download Progress After downloading, the AP will reload and upgrade. You will then be presented with the option to enter the initial configuration dialog for the EWC, which leads us into step 6. Step 6 – Configure EWC EWC Initial Configuration Enter “yes” and “yes” to enter the initial configuration wizard.You will then be asked to configure the Hostname, Enable secret, Enable password, VTY password, and whether to configure SNMP network management. Next, you will be presented with an interface summary and be prompted to configure an interface used to connect to the “management network”. This is the only interface and will be where APs join and how you manage the device over the wire. After entering the name of the interface, I used the suggested settings. Configure Interface Gi0 Finally, you will be asked to[0] Exit to IOS without saving[1] Restart the setup without saving[2] Save the configuration and exit. Complete Initial Configuration You will then be kicked into command line with the following banner shown. EWC Banner The mentioned “ewc_day0_device_provisioning_guide” file states that the following configurations need to be completed:1. Hostname2. Admin username/password3. Configure the AP Profile4. Configure the WLAN5. Configure the Wireless Profile Policy6. Configure the Default Policy Tag7. Turn on Global Encryption8. Save the Configuration The commands to complete the tasks are below for easy copy/pasting. conf tap profile default-ap-profileusername admin password 0 Cisco123 secret 0 Cisco123exitwlan Howiwifi-Survey 1 Howiwifi-Surveywlan Howiwifi-Survey 1 Howiwifi-Surveyno security wpa akm dot1xsecurity wpa psk set-key ascii 0 Cisco123security wpa akm pskno shutexitwireless profile policy Howiwifi-Surveyno central associationno central dhcpno central switchinghttp-tlv-cachingsession-timeout 86400no shutexitwireless tag policy default-policy-tagwlan Howiwifi-Survey policy Howiwifi-Surveyexitservice password-encryptionpassword encryption aeskey config-key newpass Cisco123exitwrite After saving, the Day0 configuration will be “cleaned up” and the new configuration applied. You can then log into your configured controller using the specified password above. Step 7 – Join the AP to the controller You will now notice that the “AP” has not yet joined the controller due to not receiving an IP address via DHCP. This is verified by issuing “show ap summary” on the controller and by viewing the LED status indicator on the AP. AP Searching for Controller We are relying on the AP connecting to the internal EWC automatically when surveying. This can be accomplished by accessing the console of the AP and configuring an IP address (the former configured IP address configured in step 5 is removed during the upgrade). Configure the AP with an IP address The command “wireless ewc-ap ap shell username (username)” is the EWC equivalent of the “apciscoshell” command from mobility express. Because the AP has no configuration on it, we use the username “Cisco” (the default) in the command the first time we connect. The AP will now be joined to the controller. You can type “exit” to return to the EWC and issue “Show AP Summary” to view the AP. The LED status indicator should now be green. If it is not connected, follow the standard CAPWAP discovery troubleshooting steps. AP joined to EWC You should be able to see the configured SSID broadcasting using a spot check tool such as Wi-Fi Analyzer for android. Spot check SSID Step 8 – Configure the AP for surveying The configuration you use to survey will vary so I will provide all of the information …